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U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History, Norman Friedmann .The standard history of the development of American destroyers, from the earliest torpedo boat destroyers to the post-war fleet, and covering the massive classes of destroyers built for both World Wars. Gives the reader a good understanding of the debates that surrounded each class of destroyer and led to their individual features.
Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding Caldwell-class. Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. [1] The ships displaced 1,202,208 long tons (1,221,227 t) at standard load and 1,295,322 long tons (1,316,343 t) at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 feet 4 inches (95.8 m) , a beam of 30 feet 11 inches (9.4 m) and a draught of 9 feet 10 inches (3.0 m) . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men. [2]
Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) intended to reach a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h 40 mph) . The ships carried 225 long tons (229 t) of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2,500 nautical mile s (4,600 km 2,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h 23 mph) . [3]
The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. [1] They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships. [4]
USS Hart (DD-110) dressed with flags, 1920 - History
The company owes it's existence to a Captain Baker who transported a group of miners to Venezuela from Boston in 1870 on his auxiliary schooner TELEGRAPH and put into Port Morant, Jamaica on his homeward voyage to find a cargo to pay his expenses on the northbound trip. He bought 160 stems of unripe bananas there for $40 which he sold in Jersey City for $320. The following year he returned to Jamaica and commenced shipping bananas to Boston. He gradually purchased more and larger schooners and also purchased banana plantations in Jamaica. A working arrangement was agreed with Atlas SS Co, Liverpool until 1901 when it was bought out by Hamburg America Line. In 1884 Baker with J. H. Freeman and A. Preston formed the Boston Fruit Co and purchased their own steamship and in 1889 sold their remaining schooners. Boston Fruit Co. merged with leading operators in the fruit trade in 1899 to form the United Fruit Company of New Jersey. The company continued to expand into Caribbean and Central American territories and to absorb competing companies. They purchased a half share in Standard Fruit Co in 1906, but became a target of anti-trust laws and was forced to sell it in 1908. In 1909 they also sold their shares in the Atlantic Fruit Co and was ordered to divest itself of all shares in the Bluefields SS Co. By 1910 UFC had gained a controlling interest in the British owned Elders & Fyffes Co and ships were regularly transferred between the two fleets. United Fruit merged with Cuyamel Fruit Co in 1929. In 1970 United Fruit Co was absorbed into United Brands and subsequently divested itself of it's American flagged ships. All ships owned by the firm were then registered under the Honduran flag under the ownership of Empresa Hondurena de Vapores, Tela, Honduras. United Brands was taken over by Chiquita Brands International, Cincinnati in the 1980s and owns the largest fleet of banana boats in the world, but none of them now sail under the US flag.
The fleet list contains passenger and freight vessels owned by the United Fruit Company through it's directly operated American, British, Dutch, Honduran and Panamanian shipping companies, plus time chartered ships - Norwegian, British, German and Danish. It does not include Elders & Fyffes ships which did not work directly under United Fruit Co. (See Elders & Fyffes) For a history of the United Fruit Company, see http://www.unitedfruit.org/
Many thanks to Ted Finch for his assistance in collecting this data. The following list was extracted from various sources. This is not an all inclusive list but should only be used as a guide. If you would like to know more about a vessel, visit the Ship Descriptions (onsite) or Immigrant Ship web site.
ASSOCIATED FOREIGN FLAG COMPANIES
Dutch | Koninklijke West Indische Maildienst. |
Caraibische Scheepvaart Maats (van Nievelt & Goudriaan & Co.) | |
British | Unifruitco |
Tropical Fruit Co. | |
Atlas S.S.Co. | |
Honduran | Empresa Hondurena de Vapores. |
Panamanian | Balboa S.S.Co. |
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